fuser：使用文件或者套节字来表示识别进程。我常用的他的两个功能：查看我需要的进程和我要杀死我查到的进程。

比如当你想umount光驱或者其他文件系统的的时候，结果系统提示你设备正在使用或者正忙，可是你又找不到到底谁使用了他。这个时候fuser可派上用场了。

[root@lijun ~]# fuser -vm /usr/local/

USER  PID ACCESS COMMAND

/usr/local/:  daemon  5227 F..e. httpd

root  8332 F..e.

httpd

root  14402 f.c..

mysqld_safe

mysql  14502 F.ce. mysqld

daemon  14611 F..e. httpd

daemon  27591 F..e. httpd

daemon  27619 F..e. httpd

在使用fuser -km 就可以杀死进程，同时也可以使用交互式的-i参数，一个一个杀死。

Description

fuser displays the PIDs of processes using the specified files

or file systems. In the default display mode, each file name is

followed by a letter denoting the type of access:

# 注释 ：fuser 显示使用指定文件或者文件系统的进程的 pid ，默认会在每个 pid 后面加上一个字符表示访问的方式

：

#  -)1、c

：表示 current directory 。表示进程是在该目录下启动的。

#  -)2、e

：表示是可执行的程序

#  -)3、f

：打开文件。默认不显示

#  -)4、r

：root 目录，表示该目录是该进程的 / 目录

#  -)5、m

：表示 mmap 过的文件或者共享库

c

current directory.

e

executable being run.

f

open file. f is omitted in default display mode.

F

open file for writing. F is omitted in default display

mode.

r

root directory.

m

mmap'ed file or shared library.

fuser returns a non-zero return code if none of the specified

files is accessed or in case of a fatal error. If at least one

access has been found, fuser returns zero.

# 注释 ：如果指定文件没有任何进程访问，或者出现严重错误，fuser 返回非 0 的 exit status。

# 如果至少存在一个进程，则 fuser 返回 0

In order to look up processes using TCP and UDP sockets, the

corresponding name space has to be selected with the -n option. By

default fuser will look in both IPv6 and IPv4 sockets. To change

the default, behavior, use the -4 and -6 options. The socket(s) can

be specified by the local and remote port, and the remote address.

All fields are optional, but commas in front of missing fields must

be present:

# 注释：为了查找使用某个 TCP /UDP sockets 的进程，你必须用 -n 指定 (name space)tcp

还是 udp 。

# 默认 fuser 会查找 ipv4 和 ipv6 sockets 。你可以使用 -4 或者 -6 来改变选项

# sockets 可以按照 local port:remote_host:remote_port

的方式来指定。每个字段都是可选的，但不能省略 ','

[lcl_port][,[rmt_host][,[rmt_port]]]

Either symbolic or numeric values can be used for IP addresses

and port numbers.

# 注释 ；在端口方面，你可以用端口名或者数字表示

fuser outputs only the PIDs to stdout, everything else is sent

to stderr.

# 注释 ：fuser 只输出 PID 到 stdout ，其他都送给 stderr

Options

-a

Show all files specified on the command line. By default, only

files that are accessed by at least one process are shown.

# 注释 ：-a 显示所有指定文件的情况，即使没有进程访问它们。

-c

Same as -m option, used for POSIX compatibility.

-f

Silently ignored, used for POSIX compatibility.

-k

Kill processes accessing the file. Unless changed with

-signal, SIGKILL is sent. An fuser process never kills itself, but

may kill other fuser processes. The effective user ID of the

process executing fuser is set to its real user ID before

attempting to kill.

# 注释 ：-k 表示杀死访问指定文件的进程。默认发送 SIGKILL

(-9)信号。fuser 进程永远不会杀死自己。

# 但可能杀死其他 fuser 进程。在尝试杀死进程前，fuser 会改变 euid

为 ruid

-i

Ask the user for confirmation before killing a process. This

option is silently ignored if -k is not present too.

# 注释 ：-i 表示交互模式，在杀死进程前会提示。必须和 -k 合用

-l

List all known signal names.

# 注释 ：-l 列出所有已知的信号

-m

name specifies a file on a mounted file system or a block

device that is mounted. All processes accessing files on that file

system are listed. If a directory file is specified, it is

automatically changed to name/. to use any file system that might

be mounted on that directory.

# 注释：-m 表示指定文件所在的文件系统或者块设备(处于 mount

状态)。所有访问该文件系统的进程都被列出。

# 假如指定了一个目录，则自动在后面加上 '/'

表示该挂载在该目录上的文件系统

-n space

Select a different name space. The name spaces file (file

names, the default), udp (local UDP ports), and tcp (local TCP

ports) are supported. For ports, either the port number or the

symbolic name can be specified. If there is no ambiguity, the

shortc  ut

notation name/Ispace (e.g. 80/tcp ) can be used.

# 注释 ：-n 指定 sockets 的协议类型。可以是

file(默认)、udp、tcp 。

# 你甚至可以使用

'/'

的简写方式，只要不存在异义的话

-s

Silent operation. -u and -v are ignored in this mode. -a must

not be used with -s.

# 注释 ：-s 表示安静模式。-u 和 -v 会被忽略，-a 不能和 -s

一起使用

-signal

Use the specified signal instead of SIGKILL when killing

processes. Signals can be specified either by name (e.g. -HUP) or

by number (e.g. -1). This option is silently ignored if the -k

option is not used.

#

注释：- 指定信号

-u

Append the user name of the process owner to each PID.

# 注释 ：-u 表示在 PID 后面加上进程的 owner

-v

Verbose mode. Processes are shown in a ps-like style. The

fields PID, USER and COMMAND are similar to ps. ACCESS shows how

the process accesses the file. If the access is by the kernel (e.g.

in the case of a mount point, a swap file, etc.), kernel is shown

instead of the PID.

# 注释 ：-v 表示 verbose 模式。进程以

ps 的方式显示，包括 PID、USER、COMMAND、ACCESS

字段

# 如果是内核访问的(例如 mount point、swap 文件)，则显示为

kernel 而不是 pid

-V

Display version information.

-4

Search only for IPv4 sockets. This option must not be used

with the -6 option and only has an effect with the tcp and udp

namespaces.

-6

Search only for IPv6 sockets. This option must not be used

with the -4 option and only has an effect with the tcp and udp

namespaces.

-

Reset all options and set the signal back to SIGKILL.

# 注释：‘-’ 表示重置所有选项并把信号设置为 SIGKILL

Files

/proc  location of the proc file system

Examples

fuser -km /home

kills all processes accessing the file

system /home in any way.

# 注释 ：fuser -km /home 杀死所有访问 /home

文件系统的进程

if fuser -s /dev/ttyS1; then :; else something; fi

invokes something if no other process is

using /dev/ttyS1.

fuser telnet/tcp

shows all processes at the (local) TELNET

port.